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HISTORY

What Was The Tyrannosaurus rex?
The terrifying carnivore that roamed the former continent of Laramidia during the Late-Cretaceous Period, the Tyrannosaurus rex had a range of adaptations.
By Will Street
Jul. 25, 2019, 11:30 AM

Introduction

The famous Tyrannosaurus rex, known colloquially as the T-Rex, is one of the largest carnivores that has ever existed on planet Earth and is estimated to have the most powerful bite force of all terrestrial animals ever. It roamed across the region that is now western North America, on the former island continent of Laramidia that existed during the Late Cretaceous Period between 99.6 and 66 million years ago.
The Tyrannosaurus rex is known to have lived for a far larger time period than all other tyrannosaurids. Fossils have been found in a variety of rock formations dating to the Maastrichtian age of the upper Cretaceous Period (about 68 to 66 million years ago). The creature was the last known constituent of the tyrannosaurids, and among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event of approximately 66 million years ago.
With such a successful endurance throughout history, the dinosaur undoubtedly must have been an exceptionally well adapted creature to enable it feasting on other dinosaurs for so long. In the analysis below, I look at the qualities and adaptations the T-Rex had at its disposal.
Shape and Appearance
Like all other tyrannosaurids, the Tyrannosaurus Rex was a bipedal carnivore, which meant it moved by its two rear legs. It had a very large skull for its body, which was counter balanced by a long, heavy tale. In front, it possessed two relatively short front limbs, however they were nonetheless powerful for their size and had two clawed digits.
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The most complete fossil found measures up to 12.3 metres (40 ft) in length, although the dinosaur could grow to lengths of over 12.3 metres (40 ft), up to a total of 3.66 meters (12 ft) tall at the hips and, according to the most modern estimates, between 8.4 to 14 metric tonnes in weight.
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With such a large size, did the T-Rex possess the physiology to be a successful predator? The T-Rex's skull was extremely wide at the back, however it had a narrow snout, which allowed unusually good binocular vision. As part of a trend of tyrannosaurids, the T-Rex had an extremely strong bite force, easily surpassing all other non-tyrannosaurids. This was achieved, in part, by skull strengthening features such as pneumatized bones, where tiny air spaces in the bones made the skull lighter. Furthermore, the tip of the upper jaw of the T-Rex was U-shaped, whereas most non-tyrannosaurid carnivores had V-Shaped upper jaws. This enabled the T-Rex to rip away more tissue and bone with one bite.
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Considering the T-Rex had such a mechanically powerful skull, did it have as powerful teeth to bite through the flesh it was devouring? The shapes of the T-Rex's teeth were markedly different to each other. The primary four teeth at the front of the upper jaw were assembled in a D-shape, were shaped like incisors, curved backwards and had reinforcing ridges on the rear surface. They were thus very formidable for any unfortunate prey. Behind, the remaining teeth were also robust, were larger on the upper jaw apart from at the very back, and the largest found so far is estimated to have been 30.5 cm long, making it the longest tooth of any carnivorous dinosaur found.
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What of the rest of the skeleton of the T-Rex? Well, the neck of the T-Rex formed a natural S-shaped curve in the same way as other theropods. Compared with other theropods, however, it was exceptionally short, deep and muscular, to enable it to support the large head. In general, many bones throughout the skeleton were hollowed, which resulted in reduced weight without loss of strength and compensated for the enormous bulk of the dinosaur.
Behaviour
Firstly, there is debate as to whether the T-Rex was a warm or cold blooded animal. Oxygen isotope ratios in fossilised bones have been used to determine the temperature at which the bone was deposited, since the ratio between certain isotopes correlates with temperature. In some cases it was found that the temperature between different parts of the skeleton was very minimal, which led paleontologist, Reese Barrick and geochemist, William Showers, to claim that the T-Rex maintained a constant body temperature. However, others claim that the temperature could have changed during fossilisation. In any case, the signs of homeothermy does not necessarily indicate that the T-Rex was warm-blooded, rather the thermoregulation could be explained as gigantothermy, such as is seen in some living sea turtles.
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Secondly, the T-Rex was a very fast animal. Although there are no marks showing the patterns of the T-Rex running, it has been estimated by scientists that, owing to the large leg muscles, they could run at speeds of between 40 and 70 kilmometres per hour. A study in 2019, also, hypothesised that the `T-Rex was capable of making relatively quick turns and it was likely it could pivot its body more quickly when near to prey, or possibly pirouette on one leg when attacking prey.
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Thirdly, the T-Rex had great sensual ability. By applying modified perimetry to facial reconstructions, a study found that the T-Rex had a binocular eye range of 55 degrees, surpassing that of modern hawks. Furthermore, the study estimated that the T-Rex had 13 times the visual acuity of a human, enabling it to discern a figure 3.7 miles away, compared with a human that can only do so up to a mile away.
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The T-Rex further had very large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves in comparison to their brain size. These were the organs responsible for a heightened sense of smell, which therefore suggests that their sense of smell was highly developed and that they would have had the capability to smell carcasses even a long distances away.
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The T-Rex also had an unusually long cochlea, which was often related to hearing acuity and the importance of hearting in social behaviour. We can deduce, therefore, that hearing was an important sense to the T-Rex. On top of this, a study in 2017 found that the snout of tyrannosaurids was highly sensitive, which was deduced from the high number of small openings in the facial bones of the the related species, the Daspletosaurus, which contained sensory neurons. This evidence was taken to hypothesise that the tyrannosaurs might have used their sensitive snouts to gage the temperature of their nests and softly pick up eggs or hatchlings.
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Fourthly, it is generally accepted by most paleontologists that the T-Rex was both an active predator and a scavenger. As the largest carnivore, it was most probably an apex-predator, preying on a range of dinosaurs. Its enormous bite force would have enabled it to crush bones through repetitive biting and thus be able to fully consume the carcasses of large dinosaurs.
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There is, however, debate about whether the T-Rex was exclusively a scavenger rather than an active predator. Palaeontologist, Jack Horner, has argued in favour of the view that the T-Rex was exclusively a scavenger, pointing towards evidence such as its short front of limbs which would have prevented it grappling onto prey, the evidence only showing it walking, its ability to crush bones and thus find nutrition from carcasses and its heightened sense of smell to locate the carcasses.
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Conversely, the reason that natural selection favoured binocular vision would point towards the T-Rex being an active predator. A skeleton of a hadrosaur has, furthermore, been found in Montana, showing healed bite marks from a tyrannosaur. Similarly, on the skeleton of the T-Rex “Sue”, damage marks have been found, which points towards aggressive behaviour.
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Fifthly, there is debate about whether the T-Rex hunted in packs or alone. One piece of evidence found are fossilised trackways from the upper Cretaceous Wapiti Formation of northeastern British Columbia, in Canada, which indicate three tyrannosaurids travelling in the same direction. However, it is an ongoing debate among contemporary scientists.
Conclusion
Although a terrifying apex-predator during its time, the T-Rex was wiped out by the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event of 66 million years ago. Although today extinct across the Earth and leaving only fossils behind, the T-Rex may still exist across different planets in the universe today if there's a planet with a similar environment to Earth. Spare a thought for the prey that fell to its jaws, and join us at Blawa.com in thinking back to the days it roamed the Earth.